Determinants of congenital syphilis in Fortaleza, Brazil: A retrospective case-control study.

Congenital syphilis (CS) is a significant public health problem in Brazil. Despite efforts to increase syphilis testing and treatment among pregnant women, rates of CS in the country remain high. We conducted a retrospective case-control study to identify potential associations between the mothers' sociodemographic characteristics, clinical factors related to the current and previous pregnancies, and the occurrence of CS among newborns in Fortaleza, a populous city with one of the highest incidences of CS in Brazil. Data from newborns diagnosed with CS between 2017 and 2020 were extracted from SINAN, the national database for notifiable diseases. Data from women who had delivered an infant with CS were extracted from SINASC, the national database for registration of live births, and linked with their infant's data. CS cases and non-CS controls were matched by year of birth at a ratio of 1:3 respectively. Potential associations were estimated using a multivariate regression model accounting for sociodemographic, obstetric, and antenatal care-related factors. Epidemiological data from 8,744 live births were included in the analysis, including 2,186 cases and 6,588 controls. The final multivariate regression model identified increased odds of delivering an infant with CS among pregnant women and girls aged below 20 years (OR 1.29), single women (OR 1.48), women who had less than 8 years of formal education (OR 2.42), women who delivered in a public hospital (OR 6.92), women who had more than 4 previous pregnancies (OR 1.60), and women who had one or more prior fetal loss (OR 1.19). The odds of delivering an infant with CS also increased as the number of antenatal visits decreased. Women who did not attend any antenatal visits had 3.94 times the odds of delivering an infant with CS compared to women who attended 7 or more visits. Our study found that increased odds of delivering an infant with CS were highly associated with factors related to socioeconomic vulnerability. These determinants not only affect the access to essential antenatal care services, but also the continuity and quality of such preventive measures. Future policies aimed at reducing the incidence of CS should not only target those pregnant women and adolescents with identifiable risk factors for testing, but also assure high quality care, treatment and follow-up for this group.

Follow-up of infants with congenital syphilis during the penicillin shortage period

Abstract Objective To analyze the follow-up, in specialized outpatient clinics, of infants reported with congenital syphilis during the penicillin shortage. Method A cross-sectional study was carried out in ten public maternity hospitals affiliated with the Brazilian Unified Health System in the city of Fortaleza, state of Ceará. Clinical records of infants reported with congenital syphilis who were born alive in 2015 were used to describe correlates of attendance at recommended clinical follow-up appointments. Results A total of 469 infants reported with CS from January 1/2015 to December 31/2015 were included in the analysis. The results show that most infants did not attend the follow-up visits (368/469, 78.5%) and the main associated factors are that the follow-up clinic is located in a different hospital from that where the infant was born (OR: 3.7; CI: 2.20-6.22; p< 0.001) and the use of illicit drugs by the mother (OR: 3.2; CI: 1.57-6.87; p= 0.002). Only 33.7% (34/101) were followed until discharge. Conclusion The majority of infants with reported congenital syphilis during this period did not attend the follow-up visits. Public health efforts aimed at reaching the parents of infants with CS should be a priority to ensure appropriate clinical identification and management of the associated outcomes of this vertically transmitted infection.

Follow-up of infants with congenital syphilis during the penicillin shortage period.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the follow-up, in specialized outpatient clinics, of infants reported with congenital syphilis during the penicillin shortage. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out in ten public maternity hospitals affiliated with the Brazilian Unified Health System in the city of Fortaleza, state of Ceará. Clinical records of infants reported with congenital syphilis who were born alive in 2015 were used to describe correlates of attendance at recommended clinical follow-up appointments. RESULTS: A total of 469 infants reported with CS from January 1/2015 to December 31/2015 were included in the analysis. The results show that most infants did not attend the follow-up visits (368/469, 78.5%) and the main associated factors are that the follow-up clinic is located in a different hospital from that where the infant was born (OR: 3.7; CI: 2.20-6.22; p < 0.001) and the use of illicit drugs by the mother (OR: 3.2; CI: 1.57-6.87; p = 0.002). Only 33.7% (34/101) were followed until discharge. CONCLUSION: The majority of infants with reported congenital syphilis during this period did not attend the follow-up visits. Public health efforts aimed at reaching the parents of infants with CS should be a priority to ensure appropriate clinical identification and management of the associated outcomes of this vertically transmitted infection.

Análise da tendência nas taxas de detecção de sífilis em gestantes e de incidência de sífilis congênita no Ceará no período de 2015 a 2021 / Trend analysis in syphilis detection rates in pregnant women and in the incidence rate of congenital syphilis in the state of Ceará from 2015 to 2021

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a tendência na taxa de detecção de sífilis em gestantes (SG) e na taxa de incidência de sífilis congênita (SC) no estado do Ceará. Métodos: Estudo ecológico que utilizou a técnica da série temporal interrompida para analisar os dados mensais de casos de SG e SC obtidos no Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS) no período de janeiro de 2015 a julho de 2021. Utilizaram-se o teste de Kernel e a estimativa de Lincoln-Petersen para analisar a significância estatística. Resultados: Em 2015, estimou-se uma taxa de detecção mensal de SG de 5,4 e de incidência de SC de 8,2 por 1 mil nascidos vivos (NV). A implantação da portaria que alterou os critérios de definição de caso de SG e de SC implicou no aumento de 4,9 na taxa de detecção de SG (p<0,0001; IC95% 3,33; 6,61) e na queda de 0,1 na taxa de incidência de SC (p<0,001; IC95% -0,2; -0,1). A pandemia de COVID-19 não impactou na taxa de detecção mensal de SG (p=0,558; IC95% 5,92; 3,22), nem na sua tendência (p=0,7397; IC95% 0,28; 0,3), mas houve aumento de 0,19 na de SC (p<0,001; IC95% 0,1; -0,31). Conclusões: Entre os anos de 2015 e junho de 2021, a tendência na taxa de detecção de SG e na taxa de incidência da SC sofreu impacto das mudanças nos critérios de definição de caso desses agravos propostas pelo Ministério da Saúde e da pandemia de COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the trend in the detection rate of Syphilis in Pregnant Women (SP) and in the incidence rate of Congenital Syphilis (CS) in the state of Ceará. Methods: This is an ecological study that used the technique of interrupted time series to analyze monthly data on cases of SP and CS obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (DATASUS) from January 2015 to July 2021. The Kernel test and the Lincoln-Petersen estimate were used to analyze the statistical significance. Results: In 2015, a monthly detection rate of SP was estimated at 5.4 and a CS incidence rate of 8.2 per one thousand live births (LB). The implementation of the ordinance that changed the criteria for defining cases of SP and CS resulted in an increase of 4.9 (p<0.0001; 95%CI; 3.33; 6.61) in the detection rate of SP and a decrease of 0.1 on the incidence of CS (p<0.001; 95%CI -0.2; -0.1). The COVID-19 pandemic did not impact the monthly detection rate of SP (p=0.558; 95%CI 5.92; 3.22), nor its trend (p=0.7397; 95%CI 0.28; 0.3), but there was an increase of 0.19 in CS (p<0.001; 95%CI 0.1; -0.31). Conclusion: Between 2015 and June 2021, the trend in the detection rate of SP and in the incidence rate of CS was impacted by changes in the criteria for defining cases of these diseases proposed by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Childcare and follow-up of children exposed to syphilis or notified with congenital syphilis / Puericultura y seguimiento de niños expuestos a sífilis o notificados con sífilis congênita / Puericultura e seguimento de crianças expostas à sífilis ou notificadas com a sífilis congênita

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze childcare and follow-up of children exposed to or notified with congenital syphilis in Primary Health Care. Method: a descriptive study carried out in Fortaleza, Ceará, whose population was made up of children exposed to syphilis or notified with congenital syphilis in 2017 and 2018. The data were collected from notification forms and the children's medical records. Sociodemographic variables of the mother and childcare were analyzed. For this purpose, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22, was used. Results: a total of 715 children took part in the study. The mothers' age varied from 14 to 42 years old, 436 (61%) had Complete Elementary School, 276 (38.6%) had a steady or occasional partner, 97 (13.6%) had a paid job and 23 (3.2%) used drugs. A total of 712 (99.6%) attended prenatal care and 134 (18.7%) were treated for syphilis. In relation to the children, 50 (7.0%) attended only one childcare consultation and a considerable loss was observed in follow-up over the months. Ten (1.4%) completed all eight consultations recommended by the Ministry of Health. No child underwent the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory at one, three, six, 12 and 18 months. Conclusion: childcare and follow-up of children exposed to syphilis or notified with congenital syphilis do not meet the guidelines recommended by the Ministry of Health. There is a significant follow-up loss among the children.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la puericultura y el seguimiento de niños expuestos a sífilis o notificados con sífilis congénita en Atención Primaria de la Salud. Método: estudio descriptivo realizado en Fortaleza, Ceará, cuya población estuvo conformada por niños expuestos a sífilis o notificados con sífilis congénita en 2017 y 2018. Los datos se recolectaron de los formularios de notificación y de las historias clínicas de los niños. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas de las madres y de la puericultura de los niños. Para tal fin se utilizó el Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versión 22. Resultados: un total de 15 niños participaron en el estudio. La edad de las madres varió entre 14 y 42 años, 436 (61%) tenían escuela primaria completa como nivel de estudio máximo, 276 (38,6%) tenían pareja estable o eventual, 97 (13,6%) poseían alguna actividad remunerada y 23 (3,2%) consumían drogas. Un total de 712 (99,6%) acudió a las consultas prenatales y 134 (18,7%) recibieron tratamiento para la sífilis. En relación con los niños, 50 (7,0%) solo acudieron a una consulta de puericultura y se observó una considerable pérdida en el seguimiento a lo largo de los meses. Diez (1,4%) completaron las ocho consultas recomendadas por el Ministerio de Salud y ningún niño se sometió al Venereal Disease Research Laboratory de uno, tres, seis, 12 y 18 meses. Conclusión: la puericultura y el seguimiento de niños expuestos a sífilis o notificados con sífilis congénita no cumplen con las directrices recomendadas por el Ministerio de Salud; además, se registra una importante pérdida en seguimiento de los niños.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a puericultura e o seguimento de crianças expostas ou notificadas com sífilis congênita na atenção primária em saúde. Método: estudo descritivo realizado em Fortaleza, Ceará cuja população foi composta por crianças expostas à sífilis ou notificadas com a sífilis congênita nos anos de 2017 e 2018. Os dados foram coletados nas fichas de notificação e nos prontuários das crianças. Foram analisadas variáveis sociodemográficas da mãe e da puericultura da criança. Para isso, utilizou-se o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 22. Resultados: participaram do estudo 715 crianças. A idade das mães variou de 14 a 42 anos, tinham até o ensino fundamental completo 436 (61%), parceiro fixo ou eventual 276 (38,6%), atividade remunerada 97 (13,6%) e fazia uso de drogas 23 (3,2%). Frequentaram o pré-natal 712 (99,6%) e foram tratadas para sífilis, 134 (18,7%). Em relação às crianças, 50 (7,0%) receberam somente uma consulta de puericultura e observa-se perda considerável no seguimento ao longo dos meses. Dez (1,4%) completaram o quantitativo de oito consultas recomendado pelo Ministério da Saúde. Nenhuma criança fez o Venereal Disease Research Laboratory de um, três, seis, 12 e 18 meses. Conclusão: a puericultura e o seguimento de crianças expostas à sífilis ou notificadas com a sífilis congênita não atendem às diretrizes recomendadas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Há importante perda de seguimento das crianças.

Sífilis em gestantes adolescentes e repercussões para o concepto / Syphilis in adolescent pregnant women and its impact on the concept / Sífilis en gestantes adolescentes y su repercusión en el concepto

Objetivo: analisar o desfecho da sífilis congênita em filhos de mães adoles- centes Método: Estudo transversal, que analisou as notificações de sífilis gestacional e congênita de 139 gestantes adolescentes entre os anos de 2016 a 2018, em Fortaleza- Ceará, que foram notificadas no Sistema de Informação e Agravos. Utilizou-se para ana- lisar a significância estatística o Teste do qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher. Resultados: frequentaram o pré-natal e realizaram o teste não treponêmico, 95% e 92,8% das adoles- centes respectivamente. Foram adequadamente tratadas, 7,9%. Verificou-se associação estatisticamente significativa entre altas titulações do teste não treponêmico da mãe no parto e do exame de sangue periférico do recém-nascido (p=0,002), assim como do trata- mento inadequado ou não tratamento da mãe com a titulação do teste não treponêmico > 1:8 (p=0,001). Conclusão: a alta incidência da sífilis congênita em filhos de adolescentes, demonstra que, caso tivessem sido tratadas adequadamente durante o pré-natal, a infecção poderia ter sido evitada no bebê. Este estudo subsidiará o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas voltadas a melhoria na assistência pré-natal e de controle da sífilis congênita nessa população.

Objective: to analyze the outcome of congenital syphilis in children of teenage mothers. Method: cross-sectional study analyzing the notifications of gestational and congenital syphilis of 139 pregnant adolescents between 2016 and 2018, in Fortaleza, Ceará in the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System. To the analyze statistical significance were used the chi-square or Fisher's Exact tests. Results: the percentage of adolescents attending prenatal care and undergoing the nontreponemal test was 95% and 92.8%, respectively. A total of 7.9% were adequately treated. There was a statistically significant association between high nontreponemal test titers of the mother at delivery and the peripheral blood test of the newborn (p=0.002), as well as between inadequate treatment or no treatment of the mother with nontreponemal test titers > 1:8 (p=0.001). Conclusion: The high incidence of congenital syphilis in children of adolescents shows that the infection could have been prevented in the baby if they had been adequately treated during prenatal care. This study may support the development of public policies aimed at improving prenatal care and control of congenital syphilis in this population.

Objetivo: analizar el desenlace de la sífilis congénita en hijos de madres adolescentes. Material y método: estudio transversal analizando las notificaciones de sífilis gestacional y congénita de 139 adolescentes embarazadas entre 2016 y 2018, en Fortaleza, Ceará en el Sistema Brasileño de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria. Para el análisis de significación estadística se utilizaron las pruebas de chi cuadrado o exacta de Fisher. Resultados: el porcentaje de adolescentes que asistieron al control prenatal y se sometieron a la prueba no treponémica fue de 95% y 92,8%, respectivamente. El 7,9% recibió tratamiento adecuado. Hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre títulos elevados de la prueba no treponémica de la madre en el momento del parto y el análisis de sangre periférica del recién nacido (p=0,002), así como entre tratamiento inadecuado o ausencia de tratamiento de la madre con títulos de la prueba no treponémica > 1:8 (p=0,001). Conclusiones: La alta incidencia de sífilis congénita en hijos de adolescentes muestra que la infección podría haberse evitado en el bebé si hubieran recibido un tratamiento adecuado durante el control prenatal. Este estudio puede apoyar el desarrollo de políticas públicas destinadas a mejorar la atención prenatal y el control de la sífilis congénita en esta población.

Complications, clinical manifestations of congenital syphilis, and aspects related to its prevention: an integrative review.

OBJECTIVES: to identify the scientific evidence about the clinical complications and manifestations of congenital syphilis and aspects related to its prevention. METHODS: integrative review after a search in the databases LILACS and MEDLINE, carried out in March 2018, using the descriptors "syphilis, congenital", "complications", and "signs and symptoms", leading to the selection of 27 researches. RESULTS: the publications found were published from 1966 to 2017, and most of them were from Latin America and Africa. Negative outcomes, laboratory changes, and the clinical manifestations in congenital syphilis, whether early or delayed, were, respectively: low weight at birth, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and dental alterations. The lack of treatment of the pregnant women in the prenatal was the most common occasion in which the opportunity to prevent the complications of congenital syphilis was lost. CONCLUSIONS: the scientific evidences analyzed showed serious complications of congenital syphilis that could be avoided if early opportunities of diagnosing and treating the pregnant women are not lost during the prenatal.

Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: sexual violence.

This article addresses sexual violence, as part of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Guidance is provided in programmatic and operational management, focusing on the service network for people in situation of sexual violence, recommendations to health staff about pregnancy and viral and non-viral sexually transmitted infections prophylactic measures, in addition to surveillance action strategies. Sexual violence is an encompassing issue that includes wider areas than the health field. It involves conceptual and programmatic challenges for health staff, at the forefront of care for affected people and also to the implementation of prevention strategies addressed to the whole society. Sexual violence is one of the principal forms of human rights violation, affecting the right to life, health, and bodily integrity.

Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted infections 2020: approaching sexually active individuals.

This article aims to present concepts and clinical practices recommended to approach people with active sex life. These concepts are an integral part of the recommendations of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI), published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil in 2020. The article proposes a comprehensive approach to sexuality for health promotion. It presents significant aspects of the communication process that must develop, without prejudice and judgment, focusing on sexual and reproductive health. It also highlights relevant points about the exercise of sexuality at specific stages of life, recommending assessment of risks and vulnerabilities and screening for STI and condom use. In this way, it is possible to contribute to exercise their sexuality fully, responsibly, and safely. Sexual health is the physical, emotional, mental, and social wellbeing associated with the exercise of sexuality, with sexual and reproductive rights considered fundamental.

Factors associated with prematurity in reported cases of congenital syphilis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with prematurity in reported cases of congenital syphilis in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in ten public maternity hospitals in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. A total of 478 reported cases of congenital syphilis were included in 2015, and data were collected from notification forms, from mothers' and babies' medical records and from prenatal cards. For the bivariate analysis, Pearson's chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used, considering p < 0.05. Multiple logistic regression was conducted, presenting odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: We found 15.3% prematurity in pregnant women with syphilis. The titration of the VDRL test > 1:8 at delivery (OR 2.46; 95%CI: 1.33-4.53; p = 0.004) and the non-treatment of the pregnant women or treatment with drugs other than penicillin during prenatal care (OR 3.52; 95%CI: 1.74-7.13; p< 0.001) were associated with higher chances of prematurity. CONCLUSION: The prematurity due to congenital syphilis is a preventable condition, provided that pregnant women with syphilis are treated appropriately. Weaknesses in prenatal care are associated with this outcome, which highlights the importance of public policies oriented to improve the quality of prenatal care.

Treatment administered to newborns with congenital syphilis during a penicillin shortage in 2015, Fortaleza, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Between 2014 and 2016, Brazil experienced a severe shortage in penicillin supply, resulting in a lack of treatment among some pregnant women and newborns with syphilis and the use of non-evidence-based regimens. This study evaluated all live births in Fortaleza reported with CS in 2015 in order to identify the different therapeutic regimens used in newborns during this period of penicillin shortage. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted using manually extracted data from medical chart review of maternal and infant cases delivered in 2015 from all public maternity hospitals in the city of Fortaleza. Data collection occurred from June 2017 to July 2018. RESULTS: A total of 575 congenital syphilis cases were reported to the municipality of Fortaleza during 2015 and 469 (81.5%) were analyzed. Of these, only 210 (44.8%) were treated with a nationally-recommended treatment. As alternative therapeutic options, ceftriaxone was used in 65 (13.8%), Cefazolin in 15 (3.2%) and the combination of more than one drug in 179 (38.2%). Newborns with serum VDRL titers ≥1:16 (p = 0.021), who had some clinical manifestation at birth (p = 0.003), who were born premature (p <  0.001), with low birth weight (p = 0.010), with jaundice indicative of the need for phototherapy (p = 0.019) and with hepatomegaly (p = 0.045) were more likely to be treated with penicillin according to national treatment guidelines compared to newborns treated with other regimens. CONCLUSION: During the period of shortage of penicillin in Fortaleza, less than half of the infants reported with CS were treated with a nationally-recommended regimen, the remaining received treatment with medications available in the hospital of birth including drugs that are not part of nationally or internationally-recommended treatment recommendations.

[Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: sexual violence]. / Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: violência sexual.

This article addresses sexual violence, a topic that makes up the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil. Guidance is given to managers in programmatic and operational management with a focus on the service network for people in situations of sexual violence, recommendations to health professionals about prophylactic measures of pregnancy and viral and non-viral sexually transmitted infections, in addition to strategies for surveillance actions. Sexual violence is a broad problem that goes beyond the health field and involves conceptual and programmatic challenges for both health professionals, who are at the forefront of care for affected people, and for society, in terms of possible forms of prevention.

Este artigo aborda a violência sexual, tema que compõe o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. São apresentadas orientações aos gestores para o manejo programático e operacional, com foco na rede de atendimento às pessoas em situações de violência sexual, recomendações aos profissionais de saúde acerca de medidas profiláticas de gravidez e de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis virais e não virais, além das estratégias para as ações de vigilância. A violência sexual constitui um problema amplo, extrapola o campo de saúde e envolve desafios conceituais e programáticos tanto para os profissionais de saúde, na linha de frente na atenção às pessoas afetadas, quanto para a sociedade, em termos de possíveis formas de prevenção.

Este artículo aborda la violencia sexual, tema que integra el Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para la Atención Integral a Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Se brinda orientación a los gestores en la gestión programática y operativa con enfoque en la red de servicios para personas en situación de violencia sexual, recomendaciones a los profesionales de la salud sobre medidas profilácticas del embarazo e infecciones de transmisión sexual virales y no virales, además de estrategias para acciones de vigilancia. La violencia sexual es un problema amplio que va más allá del campo de la salud e implica desafíos conceptuales y programáticos tanto para los profesionales de la salud, que están a la vanguardia de la atención a las personas afectadas, como para la sociedad, en cuanto a posibles formas de prevención.

[Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: approaching sexually active individuals]. / Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: abordagem às pessoas com vida sexual ativa.

This article aims to present concepts and clinical practices recommended to approach people with an active sex life. These concepts are an integral part of the recommendations of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI), published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil in 2020.The article proposes a comprehensive approach to sexuality for health promotion and presents important aspects of the communication process that must develop clearly, without prejudice and judgment, with a focus on sexual and reproductive health. It also highlights relevant points about the exercise of sexuality at specific stages of life, recommending assessment of risks and vulnerabilities, as well as screening for STI and condom use. In this way, it is possible to contribute so that people can exercise their sexuality fully, responsibly and safely.

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar conceitos e práticas clínicas recomendados para a abordagem da pessoa com vida sexual ativa. Esses conceitos são parte integrante das recomendações do Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST) publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2020. O artigo propõe uma abordagem abrangente da sexualidade para promoção da saúde e apresenta aspectos importantes do processo de comunicação, que deve ocorrer de forma clara, sem preconceitos ou juízos de valor, com foco na saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Destacam-se pontos relevantes acerca do exercício da sexualidade em fases específicas da vida, recomendando avaliação dos riscos e vulnerabilidades, bem como o rastreamento de IST e o uso de preservativos. Dessa maneira, é possível contribuir para que as pessoas possam exercer sua sexualidade de forma plena, responsável e segura.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar los conceptos y las prácticas clínicas recomendados para un abordaje de la persona con una vida sexual activa. Estos conceptos son parte de las recomendaciones contenidas en el Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para la Atención Integral a Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS), publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil en 2020. El artículo propone un abordaje amplio de la sexualidad para la promoción de la salud. Presenta aspectos importantes del proceso de comunicación, que debe ocurrir con claridad, sin prejuicios y juicios de valor, con un enfoque en la salud sexual y reproductiva. Destaca puntos relevantes sobre el ejercicio de la sexualidad en etapas específicas de la vida, recomendando evaluación de riesgos y vulnerabilidades, así como el rastreo de ITS y el uso de preservativos. De esta forma, es posible contribuir para que las personas puedan ejercer su sexualidad de manera plena, responsable y segura.

Hospitalization costs for congenital syphilis in the state of Ceará / Custo das internações hospitalares por sífilis congênita no Estado do Ceará

Abstract Objectives: this study aimed to describe direct medical-hospital costs of hospitalizations for Congenital Syphilis (CS) in children under one year of age, users of the public health network in the state of Ceará, Brazil, from 2012 to 2017. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study that used the DATASUS Hospital Information System database, built from the information registered in the Inpatient Hospital Authorizations (IHA), organized in a Microsoft Office Excel 2010 spreadsheet and analyzed in SPSS, version 23. Results: there were 4,085 hospitalizations registered for CS (16.6% of total hospital admissions for infectious and parasitic diseases) at a cost of US$ 927,726.84, representing an annual average of US$ 234.73 per child. A slight decrease in approved IHA for infectious and parasitic diseases (5.5%) was verified when compared with CS, which increased by 36.4%> over the evaluated years. Conclusion: high treatment costs for CS in the state of Ceará were identified, a situation that could be avoided if pregnant women with syphilis were diagnosed and treated during prenatal care.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever os custos diretos médico-hospitalares das internações hospitalares por Sífilis Congênita (SC) em crianças menores de um ano usuárias da rede pública de saúde do Estado do Ceará, no período de 2012 a 2017. Metodos: estudo transversal cuja coleta de dados aconteceu no banco de dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Datasus, a partir das informações das Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar (AIH). Os dados foram digitados em uma planilha no Microsoft Office Excel (versão 2010) e analisados no SPSS, versão 23. Resultados: foram registradas 4.085 internações hospitalares por SC (16,6% do total de internações por doenças infecciosas e parasitárias), perfazendo um custo total de $ 927. 726,84 dólares e média anual para cada criança de $234, 73dólares. Observou-se um discreto decréscimo das AIH aprovadas para doenças infecciosas e parasitárias (5,5%) quando comparadas com SC, que apresentou um acréscimo de 36,4%o ao longo dos anos avaliados. Conclusão: identificou-se custo elevado com o tratamento da SC no estado do Ceará, situação que poderia ser evitada se as gestantes com sífilis fossem diagnosticadas e tratadas durante a assistência pré-natal.

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: violência sexual / Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: sexual violence / Protocolo Brasileño para Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual 2020: violencia sexual

Este artigo aborda a violência sexual, tema que compõe o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. São apresentadas orientações aos gestores para o manejo programático e operacional, com foco na rede de atendimento às pessoas em situações de violência sexual, recomendações aos profissionais de saúde acerca de medidas profiláticas de gravidez e de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis virais e não virais, além das estratégias para as ações de vigilância. A violência sexual constitui um problema amplo, extrapola o campo de saúde e envolve desafios conceituais e programáticos tanto para os profissionais de saúde, na linha de frente na atenção às pessoas afetadas, quanto para a sociedade, em termos de possíveis formas de prevenção.

This article addresses sexual violence, a topic that makes up the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil. Guidance is given to managers in programmatic and operational management with a focus on the service network for people in situations of sexual violence, recommendations to health professionals about prophylactic measures of pregnancy and viral and non-viral sexually transmitted infections, in addition to strategies for surveillance actions. Sexual violence is a broad problem that goes beyond the health field and involves conceptual and programmatic challenges for both health professionals, who are at the forefront of care for affected people, and for society, in terms of possible forms of prevention.

Este artículo aborda la violencia sexual, tema que integra el Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para la Atención Integral a Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Se brinda orientación a los gestores en la gestión programática y operativa con enfoque en la red de servicios para personas en situación de violencia sexual, recomendaciones a los profesionales de la salud sobre medidas profilácticas del embarazo e infecciones de transmisión sexual virales y no virales, además de estrategias para acciones de vigilancia. La violencia sexual es un problema amplio que va más allá del campo de la salud e implica desafíos conceptuales y programáticos tanto para los profesionales de la salud, que están a la vanguardia de la atención a las personas afectadas, como para la sociedad, en cuanto a posibles formas de prevención.

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: abordagem às pessoas com vida sexual ativa / Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: approaching sexually active individuals / Protocolo Brasileño para Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual 2020: enfoque en las personas con vida sexual activa

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar conceitos e práticas clínicas recomendados para a abordagem da pessoa com vida sexual ativa. Esses conceitos são parte integrante das recomendações do Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST) publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2020. O artigo propõe uma abordagem abrangente da sexualidade para promoção da saúde e apresenta aspectos importantes do processo de comunicação, que deve ocorrer de forma clara, sem preconceitos ou juízos de valor, com foco na saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Destacam-se pontos relevantes acerca do exercício da sexualidade em fases específicas da vida, recomendando avaliação dos riscos e vulnerabilidades, bem como o rastreamento de IST e o uso de preservativos. Dessa maneira, é possível contribuir para que as pessoas possam exercer sua sexualidade de forma plena, responsável e segura.

This article aims to present concepts and clinical practices recommended to approach people with an active sex life. These concepts are an integral part of the recommendations of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI), published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil in 2020.The article proposes a comprehensive approach to sexuality for health promotion and presents important aspects of the communication process that must develop clearly, without prejudice and judgment, with a focus on sexual and reproductive health. It also highlights relevant points about the exercise of sexuality at specific stages of life, recommending assessment of risks and vulnerabilities, as well as screening for STI and condom use. In this way, it is possible to contribute so that people can exercise their sexuality fully, responsibly and safely.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar los conceptos y las prácticas clínicas recomendados para un abordaje de la persona con una vida sexual activa. Estos conceptos son parte de las recomendaciones contenidas en el Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para la Atención Integral a Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS), publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil en 2020. El artículo propone un abordaje amplio de la sexualidad para la promoción de la salud. Presenta aspectos importantes del proceso de comunicación, que debe ocurrir con claridad, sin prejuicios y juicios de valor, con un enfoque en la salud sexual y reproductiva. Destaca puntos relevantes sobre el ejercicio de la sexualidad en etapas específicas de la vida, recomendando evaluación de riesgos y vulnerabilidades, así como el rastreo de ITS y el uso de preservativos. De esta forma, es posible contribuir para que las personas puedan ejercer su sexualidad de manera plena, responsable y segura.

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: violência sexual / Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: sexual violence / Protocolo Brasileño para Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual 2020: violencia sexual

Resumo Este artigo aborda a violência sexual, tema que compõe o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. São apresentadas orientações aos gestores para o manejo programático e operacional, com foco na rede de atendimento às pessoas em situações de violência sexual, recomendações aos profissionais de saúde acerca de medidas profiláticas de gravidez e de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis virais e não virais, além das estratégias para as ações de vigilância. A violência sexual constitui um problema amplo, extrapola o campo de saúde e envolve desafios conceituais e programáticos tanto para os profissionais de saúde, na linha de frente na atenção às pessoas afetadas, quanto para a sociedade, em termos de possíveis formas de prevenção.

Abstract This article addresses sexual violence, a topic that makes up the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil. Guidance is given to managers in programmatic and operational management with a focus on the service network for people in situations of sexual violence, recommendations to health professionals about prophylactic measures of pregnancy and viral and non-viral sexually transmitted infections, in addition to strategies for surveillance actions. Sexual violence is a broad problem that goes beyond the health field and involves conceptual and programmatic challenges for both health professionals, who are at the forefront of care for affected people, and for society, in terms of possible forms of prevention.

Resumen Este artículo aborda la violencia sexual, tema que integra el Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para la Atención Integral a Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Se brinda orientación a los gestores en la gestión programática y operativa con enfoque en la red de servicios para personas en situación de violencia sexual, recomendaciones a los profesionales de la salud sobre medidas profilácticas del embarazo e infecciones de transmisión sexual virales y no virales, además de estrategias para acciones de vigilancia. La violencia sexual es un problema amplio que va más allá del campo de la salud e implica desafíos conceptuales y programáticos tanto para los profesionales de la salud, que están a la vanguardia de la atención a las personas afectadas, como para la sociedad, en cuanto a posibles formas de prevención.

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: abordagem às pessoas com vida sexual ativa / Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: approaching sexually active individuals / Protocolo Brasileño para Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual 2020: enfoque en las personas con vida sexual activa

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar conceitos e práticas clínicas recomendados para a abordagem da pessoa com vida sexual ativa. Esses conceitos são parte integrante das recomendações do Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST) publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2020. O artigo propõe uma abordagem abrangente da sexualidade para promoção da saúde e apresenta aspectos importantes do processo de comunicação, que deve ocorrer de forma clara, sem preconceitos ou juízos de valor, com foco na saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Destacam-se pontos relevantes acerca do exercício da sexualidade em fases específicas da vida, recomendando avaliação dos riscos e vulnerabilidades, bem como o rastreamento de IST e o uso de preservativos. Dessa maneira, é possível contribuir para que as pessoas possam exercer sua sexualidade de forma plena, responsável e segura.

Abstract This article aims to present concepts and clinical practices recommended to approach people with an active sex life. These concepts are an integral part of the recommendations of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI), published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil in 2020.The article proposes a comprehensive approach to sexuality for health promotion and presents important aspects of the communication process that must develop clearly, without prejudice and judgment, with a focus on sexual and reproductive health. It also highlights relevant points about the exercise of sexuality at specific stages of life, recommending assessment of risks and vulnerabilities, as well as screening for STI and condom use. In this way, it is possible to contribute so that people can exercise their sexuality fully, responsibly and safely.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar los conceptos y las prácticas clínicas recomendados para un abordaje de la persona con una vida sexual activa. Estos conceptos son parte de las recomendaciones contenidas en el Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para la Atención Integral a Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS), publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil en 2020. El artículo propone un abordaje amplio de la sexualidad para la promoción de la salud. Presenta aspectos importantes del proceso de comunicación, que debe ocurrir con claridad, sin prejuicios y juicios de valor, con un enfoque en la salud sexual y reproductiva. Destaca puntos relevantes sobre el ejercicio de la sexualidad en etapas específicas de la vida, recomendando evaluación de riesgos y vulnerabilidades, así como el rastreo de ITS y el uso de preservativos. De esta forma, es posible contribuir para que las personas puedan ejercer su sexualidad de manera plena, responsable y segura.

Complications, clinical manifestations of congenital syphilis, and aspects related to its prevention: an integrative review / Complicaciones, manifestaciones clínicas de la sífilis congénita y aspectos relacionados a la prevención: revisión integrativa / Complicações, manifestações clínicas da sífilis congênita e aspectos relacionados à prevenção: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify the scientific evidence about the clinical complications and manifestations of congenital syphilis and aspects related to its prevention. Methods: integrative review after a search in the databases LILACS and MEDLINE, carried out in March 2018, using the descriptors "syphilis, congenital", "complications", and "signs and symptoms", leading to the selection of 27 researches. Results: the publications found were published from 1966 to 2017, and most of them were from Latin America and Africa. Negative outcomes, laboratory changes, and the clinical manifestations in congenital syphilis, whether early or delayed, were, respectively: low weight at birth, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and dental alterations. The lack of treatment of the pregnant women in the prenatal was the most common occasion in which the opportunity to prevent the complications of congenital syphilis was lost. Conclusions: the scientific evidences analyzed showed serious complications of congenital syphilis that could be avoided if early opportunities of diagnosing and treating the pregnant women are not lost during the prenatal.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar evidencias científicas sobre las complicaciones y manifestaciones clínicas de la sífilis congénita y aspectos relacionados a prevención. Métodos: revisión integrativa, mediante búsqueda en bases de datos LILACS y MEDLINE, realizada en marzo de 2018, utilizando los descriptores "syphilis, congenital", "complications", "signs and symptoms", resultando en 27 investigaciones seleccionadas. Resultados: encontraron publicaciones entre 1966 y 2017, la mayoría oriundas de Latinoamérica y África. Desfecho desfavorable, la alteración laboratorial y manifestaciones clínicas de la sífilis congénita precoz y tardía más evidenciados fueron, respectivamente, bajo peso al nacer, anemia, hepatoesplenomegalia y alteraciones odontológicas. Observó que la falta de tratamiento de la embarazada en el prenatal fue la principal oportunidad perdida de prevención de las complicaciones de la sífilis congénita. Conclusiones: las evidencias científicas analizadas presentan graves complicaciones de la sífilis congénita que serían evitadas desde que oportunidades precoces de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la embarazada no fueran perdidas durante el prenatal.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar as evidências científicas acerca das complicações e manifestações clínicas da sífilis congênita e aspectos relacionados à prevenção. Métodos: revisão integrativa, mediante busca nas bases de dados LILACS e MEDLINE, realizada em março de 2018, utilizando os descritores "syphilis, congenital", "complications", "signs and symptoms", resultando em 27 pesquisas selecionadas. Resultados: encontraram-se publicações entre os anos de 1966 e 2017, na maioria oriundas da América Latina e África. O desfecho desfavorável, a alteração laboratorial e as manifestações clínicas da sífilis congênita precoce e tardia mais evidenciados foram, respectivamente, baixo peso ao nascer, anemia, hepatoesplenomegalia e alterações odontológicas. Observou-se que a falta de tratamento da gestante no pré-natal foi a principal oportunidade perdida de prevenção das complicações da sífilis congênita. Conclusões: as evidências científicas analisadas apresentam graves complicações da sífilis congênita que seriam evitadas desde que oportunidades precoces de diagnóstico e tratamento da gestante não fossem perdidas durante o pré-natal.

Brazilian protocol for sexually transmitted infections 2020: approaching sexually active individuals

Abstract This article aims to present concepts and clinical practices recommended to approach people with active sex life. These concepts are an integral part of the recommendations of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI), published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil in 2020. The article proposes a comprehensive approach to sexuality for health promotion. It presents significant aspects of the communication process that must develop, without prejudice and judgment, focusing on sexual and reproductive health. It also highlights relevant points about the exercise of sexuality at specific stages of life, recommending assessment of risks and vulnerabilities and screening for STI and condom use. In this way, it is possible to contribute to exercise their sexuality fully, responsibly, and safely.